食用菌生物保鲜技术研究进展

食用菌兼具营养及药用价值,被公认为"现代保健食品",已成为继植物性、动物性食品之外的第三类食品--菌物性食品。食用菌含水量高、组织脆嫩,在采收和贮运过程中容易受到损伤,引起褐变、变质或腐烂等,严重影响其食用性和商品价值,因此食用菌保鲜技术受到广泛关注。本文探讨了影响食用菌采后保鲜效果的因素,对近年来国内外食用菌生物保鲜技术的研究进展进行了综述,提出了食用菌生物保鲜技术的未来发展方向。     

基于P-S-R框架模型试点研究高寒地区生态承载力——以甘肃省迭部县为例

全面客观评价生态资源承载能力,进而为区域可持续发展提供理论依据。以甘肃省迭部县为例,首先,采用压力-状态-响应(P-S-R)模型构建生态承载力评估指标体系,运用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)确定各指标权重,评估生态环境承载力现状;其次,在生态功能区层面对迭部县水源涵养功能及生物多样性功能进行评价;最后,对生态承载力状况进行成因解析。研究结果表明：（1）迭部县整体生态承载力得分为0.239,处于“较强”承载力状态,构成整体生态承载力的生态弹性力、资源和环境承载力和人类社会影响力得分分别为0.222、0.062和0.063。（2）2016年,迭部县单位面积水源涵养量为111.76 mm,水源涵养功能处于“高”状态,其中,水源涵养功能较高地区主要集中在以草地和针阔混交林为主的区域。（3）自然栖息地面积占迭部县总面积的83.67%,其自然栖息质量指数(Natural Habitant Quality Index,NHQI)处于“高”状态。（4）从自然和经济2个因素进行分析,发现迭部县生态环境条件较好,但林草地面积已呈现出逐渐减少状态,因此需要通过合理科学的开发引导,发展文化旅游事业,推动迭部县的可持续发展。     

天然富含可可碱茶树的研究进展

天然富含可可碱茶树是一类以可可碱为代表性生物碱的稀有茶树种质资源,具有独特的保健功效与挖掘利用价值。从生化成分组成特征、生物代谢途径和可可碱在茶树体内富含的分子机理,对可可茶、红芽茶、秃房茶和厚轴茶4份新近发现的天然富含可可碱茶树进行比较研究与综述。结果发现,可可碱占茶叶干重的质量分数高达2%～6%,咖啡碱则低于0.5%;优势儿茶素单体为没食子酸儿茶素没食子酸酯,而表没食子酸儿茶素没食子酸酯含量较低;咖啡碱合成酶活性位点精氨酸突变为组氨酸使N-甲基转移酶的底物特异性发生变化,从而导致咖啡碱合成酶终止合成咖啡碱并使得可可碱在茶树体内富集。天然富含可可碱茶树资源丰富了茶种的多样性,但开发利用度尚有限,结合当前茶树育种技术的发展状态,对天然富含可可碱茶树种质的繁育与资源挖掘利用进行了展望。     

Site‐specific management is crucial to managing Mikania micrantha

Increasingly, weeds have been taking on global distributions. With the proliferation of invasive weeds has come the challenge of managing these species over broad geographical regions, with diverse habitats and political jurisdictions. Here, we review the management of Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae; mile‐a‐minute) throughout its invaded range, extending through most of the Pacific islands and southern and south‐east Asia. Context matters when determining the best course of action for managing M. micrantha, as it has invaded a large variety of agricultural and natural systems. In Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA, M. micrantha has been targeted in relatively successful eradication campaigns, highlighting the importance of early detection and rapid response methods, while elsewhere in its invaded range, populations are either still increasing or showing limited signs of decline. An inter‐regional approach to research and management should incorporate successful management strategies employed throughout the invaded range including, but not limited to, chemical and cultural control practices, manual and mechanical control, classical biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii, plant–plant competition and integrated approaches utilising two or more control methods concurrently. Additional knowledge of M. micrantha genetics is required to determine if management approaches could be fine‐tuned for particular populations. Countries bordering the Mekong River formed a network in 2011 to co‐ordinate the management of invasive species such as M. micrantha. Expanding such a collaborative approach to other regions could further reduce populations of M. micrantha and limit its spread.     

动物DGAT基因的研究进展

DGAT基因包括二酰基甘油酰基转移酶1（DGAT1）基因和二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2（DGAT2）基因，前者属于酰基辅酶A胆固醇酰基转移酶（ACAT）基因家族，后者属于单酰甘油酰基转移酶（MGAT）基因家族，分别编码微粒体酶DGAT1和DGAT2，这两种酶控制着甘油三酯的合成，均是定位于内质网的跨膜蛋白，其膜拓扑结构具有与其他蛋白质和细胞器相互作用的能力，影响脂肪代谢及脂类在组织中的沉积，参与调节动物机体的能量合成和分解代谢，影响心脏和肝脏中甘油三酯的代谢；同时DGAT基因的多态性影响着牛乳中脂肪的含量及泌乳量。因此，了解DGAT基因的结构和生物学功能对畜禽生长发育和生产等相关研究具有重要的意义。文章简述了DGAT基因的基本结构和生物学功能及相关的作用机制，分析了其在畜牧生产中的基础应用，如参与哺乳动物生产调控的脂肪沉积、乳脂含量等方面的研究进展。     

人参皂苷和多糖对肺肠功能影响研究进展

消化和呼吸功能是畜牧养殖过程中面临的两大问题,其会严重影响畜牧业经济效益。作为人参主要功能性成分,人参总皂苷和人参多糖在肺肠功能调节方面具有较好效果。本文总结了近年来人参总皂苷和人参多糖对肺肠功能调节的研究情况,以期为其在畜牧生产应用方面提供参考。     

不同施氮水平对柳枝稷光合特性及抗旱性的影响

为了探究宁夏银北盐碱地区柳枝稷高产优质高效栽培过程中最佳的施氮量及其对柳枝稷叶片光合特性及抗旱性的影响,本研究采用大田试验,以Cave-in-Rock品种柳枝稷为供试材料,设无氮添加(0 kg·hm-2,N0)、施低氮(60 kg·hm-2,N60)、中氮(120 kg·hm-2,N120)和高氮(240 kg·hm-2,N240)共4个施氮水平,分析比较了各生育时期内柳枝稷叶片光合特性、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化,同时采用隶属函数法综合评价了盐碱地柳枝稷的抗旱性.结果表明,随着不同施氮水平的增加,柳枝稷各生育时期内叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)整体呈现先升后降的趋势,均在施中氮(N120)处理下达到峰值.与无氮添加(N0)处理相比,施低氮(N60)、中氮(N120)和高氮(N240)处理下柳枝稷叶片的SPAD值平均增加了4.73％、18.71％和8.86％,净光合速率(Pn)平均提高了5.55％、17.02％和12.41％,气孔导度(Gs)平均升高了7.87％、56.18％和39.33％,细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)平均增加了7.86％、30.71％和13.81％.柳枝稷叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)在高氮(N240)处理下达到最大值,叶片水分利用效率(WUE)随着不同施氮水平的增加而逐渐下降.隶属函数分析结果表明,施中氮(N120)处理下柳枝稷各抗旱指标隶属函数值的均值最大.因此,本试验条件下有利于提高柳枝稷叶片光合能力和抗旱性的适宜施氮水平为120 kg·hm-2.     

辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌生物学特性及抑菌药剂筛选

研究辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌的生物学特性,对病原菌进行室内药剂筛选,旨在为田间病害规律研究和病害防治提供依据。采用紫外分光光度计测定病原菌在不同温度、pH、NaCl浓度下的生长速率。采用滤纸片抑菌圈法对病原菌进行室内药剂筛选试验。结果表明,辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH 7.0,病原菌的耐盐性为12%。18种供试药剂在药剂推荐使用剂量范围内,四霉素、乙蒜素、77%志信、氯溴异氰尿酸4种药剂对病原菌有抑菌效果,对这4种药剂进行毒力测定,结果表明四霉素的毒力较强,EC₅₀值为11.75 mg/L,毒力强于其他3种试剂,四霉素可作为田间防治药剂的首选。     

基于径向基网络的含缺陷管道安全系数修正

安全系数是管道完整性评价方法的重要参数之一,传统评价方法仅考虑了管道所处地区等级对其影响,未能全面评价管道的真实安全状态。提取管道相关风险因素,比较各因素间相对重要程度并建立表征不同风险状态的分值体系,根据所得风险分值对安全系数进行修正,使得修正后的安全系数能够反映含缺陷管段实际风险状态;结合径向基网络方法的自学习特点,将各风险因素作为输入,修正后的安全系数作为输出,建立基于径向基网络的管道安全系数计算模型。由模型训练得出的修正安全系数与测试样本吻合度较好,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:修正安全系数在考虑地区等级的基础上同时引入了其他重要风险因素的影响,为管道完整性评价中的安全系数取值提供了新的思路。     

Construction and Partial Biological Characteristics Analysis of Listeriolysin S llsB Gene Deletion Strain

In order to analyze the effect of listeriolysin S (LLS) llsB gene deletion on the biological characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes (LM),this study used homologous recombination to construct the llsB gene deletion strain LM90-ΔllsB,and the biological characteristics of growth characteristics,median lethal dose (LD₅₀) and organ-borne bacteria were studied in healthy Kunming male mice at 8 weeks old and weighing 40 g±5 g.The llsB gene deletion strain was successfully constructed,and the deletion strain had good genetic stability through continuous passage to 20 generations in vitro.Based on its growth curve examination,we found that the growth rate of the mutant strain was slightly higher than that of the parent strain.The results of mice infection test showed that the LD₅₀ of the parent strain and the deletion strain were 10^6.17 and 10^6.50 CFU,respectively.Compared with the parent strain,the amount of bacteria load of the deletion strain in the liver and spleen of the mice was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),the results showed that the infection ability of the mutant strain on mice was obviously weakened.No Listeria monocytogenes was detected in the brain.The results suggested that llsB gene might have direct or indirect regulatory effect on some biological characteristics of LM90,and it would provide a theoretical basis for further understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of LLS,prevention and control of listeriosis.